ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ELDERLY HEALTHY BEHAVIOR MODEL WITH THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR APPROACH IN PANTAI LABU DISTRICT, DELI SERDANG
Main Article Content
Masdalifa Pasaribu
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) method can shed light on the factors that influence healthy intentions and behaviors in the aged. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success of the aged healthy behavior model in Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang, using the TPB approach, as well as to investigate the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intents, and healthy behaviors. This study was designed as a descriptive survey using a quantitative technique. The sample consisted of 104 elderly people aged 60 years and over, who were part of a population of 1,085 people in Pantai Labu District. Data were collected using a questionnaire that measured attitudes towards healthy behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and actual healthy behaviors. Data analysis was carried out using validity and reliability tests, multiple regression analysis, and Pearson correlation tests. The study showed that attitudes towards healthy behaviors had the greatest influence on the elderly's intention to live a healthy lifestyle (β = 0.45). Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control also had significant effects, with coefficients β = 0.30 and β = 0.25, respectively. The TPB model explained 68% of the variation in healthy behavioral intentions. The relationship between intention and actual healthy behavior showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.72), indicating that strong intentions were related to the implementation of healthy behaviors. The TPB model was effective in explaining the factors that influenced healthy behaviors in the elderly in Pantai Labu District. Positive attitudes, social support, and perceived behavioral control contributed significantly to the intention of the elderly to adopt a healthy lifestyle. This study recommends the development of interventions that focus on improving attitudes, social support, and overcoming the barriers faced by the elderly in implementing healthy behaviors.
G. Kudrna, T. Le, and J. Piggott, “Macro-Demographics and Ageing in Emerging Asia: the Case of Indonesia,” J. Popul. Ageing, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7–38, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12062-022-09358-6.
A. Angelakis et al., “Water Quality and Life Expectancy: Parallel Courses in Time,” Water, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 752, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/w13060752.
H. Yeganeh, “An analysis of emerging trends and transformations in global healthcare,” Int. J. Heal. Gov., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 169–180, May 2019, doi: 10.1108/IJHG-02-2019-0012.
C. Dye, “After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., vol. 369, no. 1645, p. 20130426, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0426.
S. M. Adioetomo and E. L. Pardede, “Older Persons in Indonesia: Sources of Income and Social Protection,” in Handbook of Aging, Health and Public Policy, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022, pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-1914-4_165-1.
R. W. Basrowi, E. M. Rahayu, L. C. Khoe, E. Wasito, and T. Sundjaya, “The Road to Healthy Ageing: What Has Indonesia Achieved So Far?,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 3441, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nu13103441.
S. Moussavi, S. Chatterji, E. Verdes, A. Tandon, V. Patel, and B. Ustun, “Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys,” Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9590, pp. 851–858, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9.
K. Strong, C. Mathers, S. Leeder, and R. Beaglehole, “Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save?,” Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9496, pp. 1578–1582, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67341-2.
P. JafariNasabian, J. E. Inglis, W. Reilly, O. J. Kelly, and J. Z. Ilich, “Aging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake,” J. Endocrinol., vol. 234, no. 1, pp. R37–R51, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1530/JOE-16-0603.
S. Amarya, K. Singh, and M. Sabharwal, “Ageing Process and Physiological Changes,” in Gerontology, InTech, 2018. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.76249.
L. Grassi et al., “Quality of life, level of functioning, and its relationship with mental and physical disorders in the elderly: results from the MentDis_ICF65+ study,” Health Qual. Life Outcomes, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 61, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01310-6.
M. Tang et al., “Mental health status and quality of life in elderly patients with coronary heart disease,” PeerJ, vol. 9, p. e10903, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.7717/peerj.10903.
J. L. Benner, S. R. Hilberink, T. Veenis, H. J. Stam, W. M. van der Slot, and M. E. Roebroeck, “Long-Term Deterioration of Perceived Health and Functioning in Adults With Cerebral Palsy,” Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 98, no. 11, pp. 2196-2205.e1, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.013.
J. S. Williams and L. E. Egede, “The Association Between Multimorbidity and Quality of Life, Health Status and Functional Disability,” Am. J. Med. Sci., vol. 352, no. 1, pp. 45–52, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.004.
J. Shlisky et al., “Nutritional Considerations for Healthy Aging and Reduction in Age-Related Chronic Disease,” Adv. Nutr., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 17–26, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.3945/an.116.013474.
A. K. Bekhet and J. A. Zauszniewski, “Chronic Conditions in Elders in Assisted Living Facilities: Associations With Daily Functioning, Self-Assessed Health, and Depressive Symptoms,” Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 399–404, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.08.013.
V. Senkowski, C. Gannon, and P. Branscum, “Behavior Change Techniques Used in Theory of Planned Behavior Physical Activity Interventions Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review,” J. Aging Phys. Act., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 746–754, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1123/japa.2018-0103.
X. Qiao et al., “Development and validation of an instrument to measure beliefs in physical activity among (pre)frail older adults: An integration of the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior,” Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 2544–2551, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.03.009.
V. Abrahamson et al., “Perceptions of heatwave risks to health: interview-based study of older people in London and Norwich, UK,” J. Public Health (Bangkok)., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 119–126, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdn102.
K. S. Kadar, K. Francis, and K. Sellick, “Ageing in Indonesia – Health Status and Challenges for the Future,” Ageing Int., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 261–270, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s12126-012-9159-y.
M. D. Lestari, C. Stephens, and T. Morison, “Constructions of older people’s identities in Indonesian regional ageing policies: the impacts on micro and macro experiences of ageing,” Ageing Soc., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 2046–2066, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1017/S0144686X20001907.
O. Olorunfemi and O. K. Irinoye, “Aging gracefully: navigating the journey of growing older,” MGM J. Med. Sci., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 345–350, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_44_24.
T. A. Arowosola, O. O. Makanjuola, and O. F. Olagunju-Yusuf, “The Role of Food in the Health Management of Geriatrics,” in Food Security and Safety Volume 2, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 59–81. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-09614-3_4.
T. Inui et al., “The Role of Micronutrients in Ageing Asia: What Can Be Implemented with the Existing Insights,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 2222, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nu13072222.
M. Conner, “Theory of Planned Behavior,” in Handbook of Sport Psychology, Wiley, 2020, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1002/9781119568124.ch1.
Z. D. Miller, “The Enduring Use of the Theory of Planned Behavior,” Hum. Dimens. Wildl., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 583–590, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1080/10871209.2017.1347967.
I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections,” Psychol. Health, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1113–1127, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1080/08870446.2011.613995.
I. Ajzen and J. Klobas, “Fertility intentions,” Demogr. Res., vol. 29, pp. 203–232, Sep. 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26348152
I. Ajzen, N. Joyce, S. Sheikh, and N. G. Cote, “Knowledge and the Prediction of Behavior: The Role of Information Accuracy in the Theory of Planned Behavior,” Basic Appl. Soc. Psych., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 101–117, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.1080/01973533.2011.568834.
Y. An, H. Wang, X. Yang, J. Zhang, and R. Tong, “Using the TPB and 24Model to understand workers’ unintentional and intentional unsafe behaviour: A case study,” Saf. Sci., vol. 163, p. 106099, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106099.
M.-F. Chen, “Modeling an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict intention to take precautions to avoid consuming food with additives,” Food Qual. Prefer., vol. 58, pp. 24–33, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.01.002.
H. Steinmetz, M. Knappstein, I. Ajzen, P. Schmidt, and R. Kabst, “How Effective are Behavior Change Interventions Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior?,” Z. Psychol., vol. 224, no. 3, pp. 216–233, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000255.
I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions,” Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 314–324, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1002/hbe2.195.
J. R. Smith, D. J. Terry, A. S. . Manstead, W. R. Louis, D. Kotterman, and J. Wolfs, “The Attitude–Behavior Relationship in Consumer Conduct: The Role of Norms, Past Behavior, and Self-Identity,” J. Soc. Psychol., vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 311–334, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.3200/SOCP.148.3.311-334.
M. Manning, “When We Do What We See: The Moderating Role of Social Motivation on the Relation Between Subjective Norms and Behavior in the Theory of Planned Behavior,” Basic Appl. Soc. Psych., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 351–364, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1080/01973533.2011.589304.
M. Kashif, A. Zarkada, and T. Ramayah, “The impact of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on managers’ intentions to behave ethically,” Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell., vol. 29, no. 5–6, pp. 481–501, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1080/14783363.2016.1209970.
H. Godbersen, L. A. Hofmann, and S. Ruiz-Fernández, “How People Evaluate Anti-Corona Measures for Their Social Spheres: Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control,” Front. Psychol., vol. 11, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567405.
A. H. S. Zolait, “The nature and components of perceived behavioural control as an element of theory of planned behaviour,” Behav. Inf. Technol., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 65–85, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2011.630419.
R. E. Rhodes and K. S. Courneya, “Threshold assessment of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control for predicting exercise intention and behavior,” Psychol. Sport Exerc., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 349–361, May 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.04.002.
C. Elie-Dit-Cosaque, J. Pallud, and M. Kalika, “The Influence of Individual, Contextual, and Social Factors on Perceived Behavioral Control of Information Technology: A Field Theory Approach,” J. Manag. Inf. Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 201–234, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222280306.
M. Ince Yenilmez, “Economic and Social Consequences of Population Aging the Dilemmas and Opportunities in the Twenty-First Century,” Appl. Res. Qual. Life, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 735–752, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s11482-014-9334-2.
R. Sparrow, T. Dartanto, and R. Hartwig, “Indonesia Under the New Normal: Challenges and the Way Ahead,” Bull. Indones. Econ. Stud., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 269–299, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1080/00074918.2020.1854079.
C. Bradshaw, S. Atkinson, and O. Doody, “Employing a Qualitative Description Approach in Health Care Research,” Glob. Qual. Nurs. Res., vol. 4, p. 233339361774228, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1177/2333393617742282.
E. S. Cha, W. M. Doswell, K. H. Kim, D. Charron-Prochownik, and T. E. Patrick, “Evaluating the Theory of Planned Behavior to explain intention to engage in premarital sex amongst Korean college students: A questionnaire survey,” Int. J. Nurs. Stud., vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1147–1157, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.04.015.
